Histiocitosi en pediatria: la gran simuladora / Histiocitosis en pediatría: la gran simuladora / Histiocytosis in pediatrics: the great simulator

Fonament. La histiocitosi de cèl·lules de Langerhans (HCL) és una malaltia caracteritzada per l’acumulació anormal decèl·lules del sistema monociticomacrofàgic, amb una presentació clínica molt variable. Sovint, atesa la gran variabilitat clínica d’aquesta entitat, es fan diagnòstics tardansque repercuteixen en el pronòstic.Objectiu. Descriure les principals manifestacions clíniquesde l’histiocitosi de cèl·lules de Langerhans (HCL) en unhospital de tercer nivell els darrers catorze anys. Mètode. Estudi observacional, descriptiu i retrospectiu delscasos d’HCL tractats a l’Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron.Criteris d’inclusió: edat dels participants (de 0 dies fins a 18anys), període d’estudi (2006-2021) i diagnòstic de la malaltia, basat en el diagnòstic clínic o la confirmació histològica. Mitjançant la revisió d’històries clíniques es van registrar variables demogràfiques (edat i sexe), clíniques (formade presentació, manifestacions inicials, evolució i recaigudes) i troballes rellevants en les proves complementàries. Resultats. Es van revisar 55 casos diagnosticats d’HCL. Lamitjana d’edat de presentació va ser 4,5 anys (RI 1-8), ambpredomini del sexe masculí (3:1). El motiu de consulta mésfreqüent ha estat l’aparició d’una tumoració (20%, sobretota la zona cranial), seguit per dolor ossi (14,5%), polidípsiai poliúria (9,1%), torticoli (9,1%), coixesa, exantema cutanii febre (7,3% cadascuna). Basant-nos en la classificacióLCH-IV, la majoria es van classificar com a unisistèmiques(71%) enfront de les multisistèmiques (29%). Conclusions. L’HCL és una malaltia poc freqüent en pediatria, però amb un espectre clínic ampli que comportadiagnòstics tardans associats a complicacions. Té molta importància conèixer aquesta entitat i les seves manifestacionsprincipals. (AU)

Fundamento. La histiocitosis de células de Langerhans (HCL) es una enfermedad caracterizada por la acumulación anormal de células del sistema monocítico-macrofágico, con una presentación clínica muy variable. A menudo, dada la gran variabilidad clínica de esta entidad, se realizan diagnósticos tardíos que repercuten ensu pronóstico. Objetivo. Describir las principales manifestaciones clínicas de la histiocitosis de células de Langerhans (HCL) en un hospital de tercer nivel en los últimos 14 años. Método. Estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo de los casos de HCL tratados en el Hospital Universitario Vall d’Hebron. Criterios de inclusión: edad de los participantes (de 0 días de vida hasta 18 años), período de estudio (2006-2021) y diagnóstico dela enfermedad, basado en el diagnóstico clínico o la confirmación histológica. Mediante la revisión de historias clínicas, se registraron variables demográficas (edad y sexo), clínicas (forma de presentación, manifestaciones iniciales, evolución y recaídas) y hallazgos relevantes en las pruebas complementarias. Resultados. Se revisaron 55 casos diagnosticados de HCL. La media de edad de presentación fue 4,5 años (RI 1-8), con predominio del sexo masculino (3:1). El motivo de consulta más frecuente ha sido la aparición de una tumoración (20%, sobre todo a nivel craneal), seguido por dolor óseo (14,5%), polidipsia y poliuria(9,1%), tortícolis (9,1%), cojera, exantema cutáneo y fiebre(7,3% cada una). Basándonos en la clasificación LCH-IV, la mayor parte se clasificaron como unisistémicas (71%) frente a las multisistémicas (29%). Conclusiones. La HCL es una enfermedad poco frecuente en pediatría pero con un amplio espectro clínico que comporta diagnósticos tardíos asociados a complicaciones. Resulta de gran importancia conocer a esta entidad y sus principales manifestaciones. (AU)

Background. Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a disease characterized by the abnormal accumulation of cells of the monocytemacrophage system. Its clinical presentation is highly variable, which can lead to late diagnosis and worse outcomes.Objective. To describe the main clinical manifestations of LCH in atertiary hospital in the last 14 years. Method. Observational, descriptive, and retrospective study of children with LCH treated at the Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron.Inclusion criteria: age of the participants (0 days of life and up to18 years), study period (2006-2021) and diagnosis of the diseasebased on clinical diagnosis or histological confirmation. We recorded demographic variables (age and sex), clinical characteristics(form of presentation, initial manifestations, evolution, and relapses), and relevant findings in diagnostic tests. Results. 55 children diagnosed with LCH were reviewed. The meanage at presentation was 4.5 years (IR 1-8), with a predominanceof males (3:1). The most frequent reason for consultation was the appearance of a lump (20%, especially at the cranial level), followed by bone pain (14.5%), polydipsia and polyuria (9.1%), torticollis (9.1%), and limping, skin rash, and fever (7.3% each). Based on the LCH-IV classification, most were classified as singlesystem (71%) versus multi-system (29%). Conclusions. LCH is a rare disease in pediatrics but with a wideclinical spectrum that can lead to late diagnoses and subsequentcomplications. It is of great importance to know this entity and itsmain manifestations. (AU)

Case Report: Multicentric Reticulohistiocytosis Associated With Posterior Mediastinal Adenosquamous Carcinoma, Antinuclear Antibody Positivity and Lupus Anticoagulant Positivity.

Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis (MRH) is a rare systemic disease of non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis. A number of studies in the literature have documented that it can coexist with malignancy or autoimmune disease, making it difficult to determine the most appropriate therapy. Here, we present a case study of MRH associated with posterior mediastinal adenosquamous carcinoma along with antinuclear antibody positivity and lupus anticoagulant positivity. The patient experienced 6 months of clinical benefit after surgical resection and chemoradiotherapy of the mediastinal malignancy. This case adds to the available literature on multicentric reticulohistiocytosis associated with different types of malignancy and provides supplementary clinical data on the coexistence of this syndrome with malignancy and immune system abnormalities. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case study describing MRH accompanied by posterior mediastinal adenosquamous carcinoma and lupus anticoagulant positivity. The unknown aetiology and polymorphic clinical presentation of MRH warrants further investigation.

Paraneoplastic Multicentric Reticulohistiocytosis on 18F-FDG PET/CT Breast Carcinoma Follow-up.

ABSTRACT: We report the case of a 60-year-old woman who underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT to evaluate a metastatic breast carcinoma. Follow-up 18F-FDG PET/CT showed progressive disease with 18F-FDG increased in primary tumor, axillary lymph nodes, and pleural and bone diffuse metastases but also a concomitant uptake in multiples joints. The anatomopathological analysis from skin biopsy revealed a multicentric reticulohistiocytosis, considered paraneoplastic in the context. Second follow-up PET/CT after treatment showed a decrease of 18F-FDG uptake in previously affected joints, consistent with the symptoms evolution. 18F-FDG PET/CT could be helpful in the detection and the evaluation of such rare systemic disorder.

Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis is a rare form of non-langerhans cell histiocytosis presenting with skin changes and erosive arthritis. Infiltration of histiocytes and multinucleated giant cells are typical histological findings and confirm the diagnosis. CASE PRESENTATION: This case report describes a newly diagnosed case of multicentric reticulohistiocytosis in a healthy 26-year-old female originally from the Philippines. Eruption of papules and nodules on the hands and pain in multiple joints were the main complaints at the initial presentation. Radiographical findings of erosions in the small hand and feet joints were impressive. Initial histological findings did not match the clinical image, although later the clinical diagnosis was supported by histological findings in additional biopsies. CONCLUSIONS: Although initial histological findings did not match the clinical image, additional biopsies were valuable to confirm the diagnosis.

Xantoma disseminado: relato de caso e revisão da literatura / Disseminated xanthoma: a case report and literature review

Xantoma disseminado é uma histiocitose não Langerhans, rara, não familiar, benigna, normolipídica, caracterizada pela deposição lipídica na pele e órgãos internos secundária à proliferação histiocitária. É caracterizado por lesões xantomatosas que geralmente afetam as regiões flexurais e, frequentemente, acomete mucosas. Tem curso em geral benigno, com resolução das lesões cutâneas em alguns anos, porém lesões em certas localizações podem resultar em morbidade e até óbito, sendo, nestes casos, o achado cutâneo uma importante pista diagnóstica. Devido à sua raridade, não há um consenso terapêutico, e as respostas às terapias têm sido insatisfatórias. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente com essa patologia, na qual não foi detectada patologia sistêmica (AU)

Disseminated xanthoma is a rare non-familial, benign, and normolipid form of non-Langerhans histiocytosis, characterized by lipid deposition in the skin and internal organs secondary to histiocytic proliferation. It is characterized by xanthomatous lesions that generally affect the flexural regions and often affects mucous membranes. Although it has a generally benign course, with resolution of cutaneous lesions in a few years, lesions in certain locations can result in morbidity and even death. In these cases, the cutaneous finding is an important diagnostic clue. Because of its rarity, there is no therapeutic consensus and responses to therapies have been unsatisfactory. Here we report the case of a patient with this disorder, in whom no systemic disease was detected (AU)

The Non-Langerhans Cell Histiocytoses (Rare Histiocytoses) - Clinical Aspects and Therapeutic Approaches.

Rare histiocytoses, also called non-Langerhans cell histiocytoses, include all proliferative disorders of histiocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells that are not classified as Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) and do not belong to the hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) group of diseases. Thus, the term includes numerous benign or malignant, localized or systemic, adult or pediatric diseases. The classification of the histiocytic disorders has been revised several times. Here, we follow the classification recently published by Jean Francois Emile and an international expert panel, defining subgroups of histiocytoses described as L-Group, C-Group, M-Group, R-Group, and H-Group, which stands for LCH-like, cutaneous or mucocutaneous, malignant, Rosai-Dorfman-Disease like and HLH like. Some of the diseases have an excellent prognosis after resection or even disappear spontanously, others progress rapidly, requiring intensive systemic therapies. The malignant non-Langerhans cell histiocytoses in general have a poor prognosis, here, complex chemotherapy protocols are usually applied, with inconsistant results. An interesting perspective in non-malignant rare histiocytoses might be small molecular inhibitors, in particular BRAF inhibitors, since BRAF mutations have been found in some subtypes of non-Langerhans cell histiocytoses. By prospective and retrospective collection of experiences in a new registry (the "International Rare Histiocytic Disorders Registry", IRHDR), knowledge about these rare diseases might hopefully be improved.

Adult Xanthogranuloma, Reticulohistiocytosis, and Rosai-Dorfman Disease.

Adult xanthogranuloma presents most commonly as an orange-tan firm solitary nodule with no systemic manifestations. Recently, some cases have been reported in conjunction with lymphoproliferative disorders. Adult reticulohistiocytosis classically presents as red to yellow-red dermal nodules. In the multicentric form, lesions have a predilection for hands and elbows, with a classic coral bead periungual presentation, and are often associated with symmetric erosive arthritis, particularly of the hands and wrists. The presentation and course of Rosai-Dorfman disease, or sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy, can vary. The classic presentation is extensive, painless bilateral cervical lymphadenopathy, but some cases have been entirely extranodal.

[Hemophagocytic syndrome. Report of four cases]. / Síndrome hematofagocítico. Reporte de cuatro casos y revisión de la literatura.

Hemophagocytic syndrome (HS) is a severe hyper inflammatory condition whose cardinal symptoms are prolonged fever, cytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, and hemophagocytosis by activated, morphologically benign macrophages. The clinical course resembles sepsis, sharing similar physiopathological features. We report four patients with the syndrome. A 61-year-old female presenting with fever and pleuritic pain. During the course of the disease, a pancytopenia was detected and a bone marrow aspiration was suggestive of HS. The patient was treated with cyclosporine and steroids with a good response. A 61-year-old male with fever and pancytopenia and a bone marrow aspirate suggestive of HS. The patient did not respond to treatment and died. A 23-year-old male with fever, pancytopenia and positive Hanta virus antibodies. A bone marrow aspirate was suggestive of HS. The patient recovered without any treatment. A 72-year-old male admitted with the diagnosis of pneumonia, that developed a progressive pancytopenia and bone marrow aspirate was suggestive of HS. A bronchoalveolar lavage showed the presence of Acinetobacter baumanii. Despite treatment with methylprednisolone and gammaglobulin, the patient died. Awareness of the clinical symptoms and of the diagnostic criteria of HS is important to start life-saving therapy in time.

Síndrome hematofagocítico: Reporte de cuatro casos y revisión de la literatura / Hemophagocytic syndrome: Report of four cases

Hemophagocytic syndrome (HS) is a severe hyper inflammatory condition whose cardinal symptoms are prolonged fever, cytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, and hemophagocytosis by activated, morphologically benign macrophages. The clinical course resembles sepsis, sharing similar physiopathological features. We report four patients with the syndrome. A 61-year-old female presenting with fever and pleuritic pain. During the course of the disease, a pancytopenia was detected and a bone marrow aspiration was suggestive of HS. The patient was treated with cyclosporine and steroids with a good response. A 61-year-old male with fever and pancytopenia and a bone marrow aspirate suggestive of HS. The patient did not respond to treatment and died. A 23-year-old male with fever, pancytopenia and positive Hanta virus antibodies. A bone marrow aspirate was suggestive of HS. The patient recovered without any treatment. A 72-year-old male admitted with the diagnosis of pneumonia, that developed a progressive pancytopenia and bone marrow aspirate was suggestive of HS. A bronchoalveolar lavage showed the presence of Acinetobacter baumanii. Despite treatment with methylprednisolone and gammaglobulin, the patient died. Awareness of the clinical symptoms and of the diagnostic criteria of HS is important to start life-saving therapy in time.

Hallazgos en dermatoscopia del reticulohistiocitoma cutáneo solitario / Dermoscopic Findings in Solitary Reticulohistiocytosis

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Endolymphatic non-langerhans cell histiocytosis of the larynx: report of an uncommon disease manifestation.

We report on an uncommon laryngeal non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis. An 11-year-old boy presented with a 6 months history of progressive breath inhibition. Magnetic resonance imaging showed diffuse laryngeal and local lymph node swelling. Histology first resembled sarcoidosis, however, corticosteroids were ineffective. Lymphoma, infection, immunodeficiency, and autoimmune disease were excluded. Six months later, biopsies were repeated, now showing numerous ectatic lymph vessels with clusters of histiocytes bearing stellate extensions and emperipolesis. S100 protein and CD1a were negative. Indomethacin treatment led to a gradual improvement. In conclusion, we observed a nonmalignant non-Langerhans cell endolymphatic reticulohistiocytosis, not fitting into any of the described categories.

Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis: A case report and review of the literature.

We report a case of multicentric reticulohistiocytosis (MRH) demonstrating classic clinical and histologic findings. This rare idiopathic disease is manifested by severe destructive polyarthritis and papulonodular mucocutaneous lesions. The characteristic clinical and histologic findings are discussed as well as the workup and treatment of the disease.

Generalized eruptive histiocytosis presenting with warty lesions on face.

Generalized eruptive histiocytosis is a benign proliferative disorder of non-Langerhans cells. It is a very rare disease. The disease presents with soft to firm fleshy papules on face, neck and upper trunk. Biopsy is often needed to make the diagnosis because of its rarity and diverse presentation. There is tendency for the disease to regress spontaneously without treatment. Treatment, if any needed, suffices to topical modalities. We report here a case of generalized eruptive histiocytosis which presented with lesions of dual morphology. This is a very rare disease with diverse presentation being reported first ever in our country.

Xantoma diseminado / Disseminated xanthoma

Paciente de sexo femenino, de 22 años de edad, que consulta por poliuria, fiebre, desorientación témpo-espacial y pápulas pardo-rojizas en párpados, surco nasogenianos, pliegues y raíz de miembros. Se solicitan exámenes complementarios y biopsia confirmando el diagnóstico de xantoma diseminado. El interés del caso radica en una patología poco frecuente, generalmente de evolución benigna que en nuestra paciente tuvo desenlace fatal.

Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis: a proliferation of macrophages with tropism for skin and joints, part II.

In this second part of the review of multicentric reticulohistiocytosis, the authors discuss its association with other diseases, in particular, cancer, and laboratory and therapeutic aspects of this incapacitating and disfiguring disease. Histopathologic aspects are characteristic: dense mononuclear infiltrate with typical multinucleated cells that contain periodic acid-Schiff-positive and diastasis-resistant material, conferring a "ground glass" aspect when stained with hematoxylineosin.